69 Tm 168.934
Atomic properties
Atomic number
69
Z
Density
9.32 g/cm³
at STP
Melting point
1545 °C
at 1 atm
Boiling point
1950 °C
at 1 atm
Crystal structure
hexagonal
Electron config.
[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²
Oxidation states
+3
most common
Market data
No tradeable futures market for Tm on Yahoo / Stooq. Live market data is
not available; pricing in this page is based on contract reference figures from
the source documents.
Commercial forms & specifications
| Product Form | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight | Typical Purity | Price Range (USD/kg) | Main Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thulium Metal | Tm | 168.93 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $7,500-8,500 | Alloys, research |
| Thulium Oxide | Tm₂O₃ | 385.87 g/mol | 99.9-99.999% | $4,800-5,500 | Ceramics, glass dopant, lasers |
| Thulium Chloride | TmCl₃·6H₂O | 383.38 g/mol | 99.9% | $3,200-3,800 | Chemical synthesis, catalysts |
| Thulium Nitrate | Tm(NO₃)₃·5H₂O | 445.01 g/mol | 99.9% | $2,800-3,400 | Glass coloring, ceramics |
| Thulium Acetate | Tm(CH₃COO)₃·4H₂O | 418.11 g/mol | 99.9% | $3,500-4,200 | Chemical reagent |
| Thulium Sulfate | Tm₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O | 770.30 g/mol | 99.9% | $2,600-3,200 | Analytical chemistry |
| Thulium Carbonate | Tm₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O | Variable | 99% | $3,000-3,600 | Precursor material |
| Thulium Fluoride | TmF₃ | 225.93 g/mol | 99.9% | $4,500-5,200 | Optical materials, fiber lasers |
| Thulium-doped YAG | Tm:Y₃Al₅O₁₂ | Variable | 0.5-10% Tm | $12,000-25,000 | Solid-state lasers |
| Thulium Foil | Tm | 168.93 g/mol | 99.9% | $15,000-20,000 | Research, thin films |
| Thulium Powder | Tm | 168.93 g/mol | 99.9% | $9,000-11,000 | Metallurgy, magnets |
| Thulium Oxalate | Tm₂(C₂O₄)₃·10H₂O | 810.16 g/mol | 99.9% | $3,300-3,900 | Precursor for oxide |
Suppliers by country
🇨🇳 China
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| China Northern Rare Earth Group | Oxide, metal, chloride, nitrate | Integrated producer, high-purity products |
| China Minmetals Rare Earth | Oxide, compounds, metal | Ion-adsorption clay processing |
| Shenghe Resources | Oxide, chloride, carbonate | Heavy rare earth specialist |
| Grirem Advanced Materials | High-purity oxide, metal, alloys | Ultra-high purity (99.999%) |
🇺🇸 United States
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Neo Performance Materials | Oxide, compounds, solutions | High-purity separation, custom compounds |
| American Elements | Metal, oxide, compounds, nano-materials | Research-grade materials, custom synthesis |
| Stanford Advanced Materials | Metal, foil, powder, compounds | Small quantity specialist |
🇯🇵 Japan
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Shin-Etsu Chemical | High-purity oxide, compounds | Electronic-grade materials |
| Nippon Yttrium | Oxide, compounds | High-purity rare earths |
🇫🇷 France / 🇪🇺 EU
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Solvay | Oxide, polishing compounds | Rare earth recycling, formulations |
| Treibacher Industrie AG | Metal, oxide, compounds | High-performance materials |
🇮🇳 India
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Rare Earths Limited | Oxide, chloride | Monazite processing |
| Kerala Minerals & Metals | Oxide, compounds | Beach sand minerals |
🇦🇺 Australia
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Lynas Rare Earths | Mixed rare earth carbonate (contains Tm) | Non-China supply chain |
| Iluka Resources | Heavy mineral concentrate (Tm-bearing) | Monazite, xenotime production |
Market demand by product form
| Product Form | Global Market Size | USA Market | China Market | Growth Rate (CAGR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thulium Oxide | $1.8 billion | 15% share | 62% share | 7.5% |
| Thulium Metal | $650 million | 18% share | 58% share | 6.2% |
| Thulium Compounds (Chloride, Nitrate) | $420 million | 20% share | 55% share | 5.8% |
| Thulium-doped Materials | $380 million | 25% share | 45% share | 9.2% |
| Thulium Fluoride | $290 million | 22% share | 50% share | 8.5% |
| Thulium Alloys | $180 million | 30% share | 40% share | 6.8% |
| Other Thulium Products | $120 million | 15% share | 60% share | 5.5% |
Market trends
Medical Laser Growth: Tm:YAG laser market expanding 12% annually due to minimally invasive surgery trends Supply Chain Diversification: Western companies seeking non-China sources, driving Australian and US projects Fiber Laser Development: Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers growing for 2μm telecommunications Price Stability: Prices relatively stable compared to other REEs due to consistent industrial demand Recycling Initiatives: Recovery from laser crystals and magnets becoming economically viable Research Applications: Growing use in quantum computing and advanced materials research
Moles per kilogram
| Product Form | Formula | MW (g/mol) | Moles/kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thulium Metal | Tm | 168.93 | 5.92 |
| Thulium Oxide | Tm₂O₃ | 385.87 | 2.59 |
| Thulium Chloride (hydrated) | TmCl₃·6H₂O | 383.38 | 2.61 |
| Thulium Nitrate (hydrated) | Tm(NO₃)₃·5H₂O | 445.01 | 2.25 |
| Thulium Sulfate (hydrated) | Tm₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O | 770.30 | 1.30 |
| Thulium Fluoride | TmF₃ | 225.93 | 4.43 |
References
No citations on this page yet. References will appear here once enrichment runs.
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Coverage notes
The following sections are thin or absent in the source document for this element. They will be filled by enrichment passes (NIST atomic, OSHA/NIOSH safety, USGS / IAI environmental).
- Missing section: Raw Material Sources
- Missing section: Production Cost
- Missing section: Energy Consumption